Answering Back to a Gaslighter

Another pair of moments when perhaps Tolkien and Lewis are exploring similar ideas in their fiction. 

The setup for both, broadly speaking, is that a villain has dominated another's will through nefarious means.  With the assistance of outsiders, the victim is starting to break free, and the villain turns to gaslighting.  A person once under the villain's dominion now answers back.

In "The King of the Golden Hall" (LotR bk III, ch 6), Wormtongue's steady lies and evil counsel over a period of years have managed to sap Théoden's strength until he sees himself as a doddering old man.  Gandalf breaks the "spell" with a little sound-and-light show that leaves the cowardly Wormtongue face down on the floor, then gives Théoden a solo pep talk and encourages him to remember and re-embrace his own strength by casting aside his staff and holding a sword.  Théoden is soon ready to hear the news (the need for action to protect his people) and reacts to it as a king should.  When Wormtongue is brought back, he tries to salvage the situation with a little gaslighting:

'Dear lord!' cried Wormtongue. 'It is as I feared. This wizard has bewitched you. Are none to be left to defend the Golden Hall of your fathers, and all your treasure? None to guard the Lord of the Mark?'

'If this is bewitchment,' said Théoden, 'it seems to me more wholesome than your whisperings. Your leechcraft ere long would have had me walking on all fours like a beast. [...]' 

So the ploy doesn't work; the erstwhile victim has come to see things clearly.  But note the form of response.  He doesn't flat-out contradict Wormtongue.  He shies away ever-so-slightly from the direct confrontation by taking Wormtongue's premise as possibly or hypothetically true, and choosing Gandalf's way over Wormtongue's way as "more wholesome," even if magic is involved.

Lewis tackles something a bit like this in "The Queen of Underland" (The Silver Chair, ch. 12).  An evil witch has kidnapped and bewitched Prince Rilian of Narnia, giving him amnesia so that he will fall in with her plans.  She has had him in her power for years.  Puddleglum and the children free Rilian during one of his brief moments of lucidity, and he smashes the instrument of his magical enslavement.  The witch returns, and quickly creates a new enchantment to cloud the thinking of Rilian and his rescuers, while she works to gaslight them into believing that her dreary underground caves are the only reality.  

She deflects and denies all their attempts to "prove" (or get her to acknowledge) the existence of the sunlit world they have always known, half-persuading them that they have invented or dreamed it all.  So when Puddleglum finally manages to break this new enchantment, he does not try to reject the witch's false premises. Instead, he takes them as at least presumptively true and explains why he chooses the ways of Narnia and Aslan over the witch's way even if they are mere illusions. 

"Suppose we have only dreamed, or made up, all those things – trees and grass and sun and moon and stars and Aslan himself.   Suppose we have.  Then all I can say is that, in that case, the made-up things seem a good deal more important than the real ones.  Suppose this black pit of a kingdom of yours is the only world.  Well, it strikes me as a pretty poor one. And that's a funny thing, when you come to think of it.  We're just babies making up a game, if you're right.  But four babies playing a game can make a play-world which licks your real world hollow.  That's why I'm going to stand by the play-world.  I'm on Aslan's side even if there isn't any Aslan to lead it.  I'm going to live as like a Narnian as I can even if there isn't any Narnia.  So, thanking you kindly for our supper, if these two gentlemen and the young lady are ready, we're leaving your court at once and setting out in the dark to spend our lives looking for Overland.  Not that our lives will be very long, I should think; but that's a small loss if the world's as dull a place as you say."  

 (italics in original; bold added) 

Good But Dangerous

In the popular imagination, labeling a person as "good" can be a way to dismiss them.  The playground taunts of someone as a "goody-goody" or a "goody two-shoes" imply that they are over-scrupulous or even over-concerned with the appearance of goodness as if to curry favor with those in power.  The stereotype is perhaps to say that a "good" person is an obedient rule-follower, boring and insipid, lacking in imagination and drive; they are predictable and easily taken advantage of.  They will surely finish last.  Indeed, there can be something almost offensive in their seeming inoffensiveness. 

But Lewis and Tolkien, each in their own way, decouple the ideas of goodness and safety in their fiction – both naturally and implicitly in the worlds they have created, and also expressly in reported dialogue.  

Here the Beavers are telling Peter, Susan, and Lucy about Aslan (whom we have not yet met) in chapter 8 of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (emphasis added):

"Ooh!" said Susan, "I'd thought he was a man. Is he – quite safe? I shall feel rather nervous about meeting a lion."

"That you will, dearie, and no mistake," said Mrs. Beaver; "if there's anyone who can appear before Aslan without their knees knocking, they're either braver than most or else just silly." 

"Then he isn't safe?" said Lucy. 

"Safe?" said Mr. Beaver; "don't you hear what Mrs. Beaver tells you? Who said anything about safe? 'Course he isn't safe. But he's good. He's the King, I tell you."

(The idea comes back in various forms throughout the Narnia books.  In The Silver Chair, for example, Jill Pole asks Aslan to "promise not to – do anything" to her, if she comes and drinks from the stream; he declines, and proceeds to tell her "I have swallowed up girls and boys, women and men, kings and emperors, cities and realms."  We repeatedly hear that Aslan is not "a tame lion.")

And here's where Gandalf tells Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli about Fangorn, in book III, chapter 5 of The Lord of The Rings (emphasis added):

"But you speak of him as if he was a friend.  I thought Fangorn was dangerous."  

"Dangerous!" cried Gandalf. "And so am I, very dangerous: more dangerous than anything you will ever meet[...].  And Aragorn is dangerous, and Legolas is dangerous. You are beset with dangers, Gimli son of Glóin; for you are dangerous yourself, in your own fashion. Certainly the forest is perilous [...] and Fangorn himself, he is perilous too; yet he is wise and kindly nonetheless."

Cold Spring to Beacon Redux

HÅKAN Chocolatier was as good an excuse as I needed to go to Beacon. And since the shop is already half an hour's walk from the Beacon train station, why not simply walk up from Cold Spring?

It's been a few years since I've followed the hiking trails from Cold Spring to Beacon – probably not since 2018, when I was preparing for the West Highland Way – so I double-checked the route options before I set out.  The initial part would be Cornish-Brook-Notch-Breakneck Ridge, a fairly standard easy ascent.  From there, I wanted to switch to the Wilkinson Memorial trail because it would be less crowded.  But the truly critical choice would be when I hit the Casino trail: should I take the ever-popular and most direct route down to Beacon, or add another big chunk to my hike by continuing on Wilkinson, past some scenic overlooks to Dozer Junction and Fishkill Ridge?  I was inclined to use crowd-avoidance as my lodestar, but wasn't entirely sure if I'd be up for it.

Merging Onto the White-Blazed Breakneck Ridge Trail

I like the woodsy climbs and descents along the long stretch of trail blazed blue and white (i.e., where Notch and Breakneck Ridge merge or overlap).  It is almost entirely wooded (no scenic overlooks that I can recall) but very pretty in the early autumn, and pleasantly solitary on this spectacular day.  At a few points, I lost the trail briefly but quickly rejoined.

A standard approach

I was thrilled to see another example of polypore, which I learned about last month in New Hampshire.  At first, I thought it was growing on a living tree and was a little surprised by that.

first glimpse of a birch polypore

But a step back suggests it is essentially a very tall tree stump!  I'm not sure why it hasn't fallen, but it's quite striking in situ.

Not a vein in the rock; it's a glistening trail left by some creature.  I don't recall 

having seen these delicate slime-trails before, but today there were several.

Veering Off to the Yellow-Blazed Wilkinson Memorial Trail

Soon after Notch (blue) and Breakneck Ridge (white) diverge, Wilkinson Memorial (yellow) merges with the blue.  They continue together for a while, then right after you cross Squirrel Hollow Creek, the yellow trail splits off; it goes around a bit and then crosses the white trail, heading up eventually to a nice series of overlooks.

The first dubious choice... taking a detour to descend from the ridge

What I had not remembered (although I suppose it is clear enough on the contour map) was that the blue and yellow trails steadily descend at this point.  It makes perfect sense when you think about it; the blue trail had been following the ridge and thus had nowhere to go but down!  But it was a little disheartening to be descending and descending in order to re-ascend later on.  After all, I could have stayed up on the ridge.  There are good reasons why this route is less crowded! 

Relatedly, I also soon realized that the trail maintainers do not expect people to go the way I did on this section.  The double blue and yellow blazes are bright and clear and new looking if you're south-bound (I looked back often to check), but the yellow blazes have faded to the point of invisibility if you're heading north – leaving me to wonder if I'd missed the turn-off for yellow.  (I had not yet realized I'd be crossing a creek first!)    

Notch and Wilkinson Memorial blazes, a rare instance where they are bold

plastic disks, instead of a bright square of blue paint and a barely discernible

trace of where a square of yellow paint may once have been

The Decision Point 

I pushed myself hard on all these initial sections and reached the turnoff for the red-blazed Casino trail about 3 hours after I'd set out from Cold Spring.  I followed Wilkinson Memorial a bit past the intersection, then sat down on a rock to decide what to do.  While I munched on my bread and cheese, one couple surged past me energetically. They then reappeared about five minutes later with a cheery "Red trail it is!"  Ultimately I decided to challenge myself; it was not yet 1 p.m.

The first scenic overlook north of the Casino trail is perhaps a 10-minute walk and quite rewarding.

the first scenic overlook on the Wilkinson Memorial trail north of the Casino trail is spectacular

After that, to be perfectly honest, the cost/benefit ratio deteriorated somewhat for the subsequent views.  I'd told myself that it'd be easier from that point, since I'd be staying at the top of the ridge, but there was a lot more undulation than I remembered, and I started to sigh with every new climb.

sadly, each subsequent viewpoint shows more man-made structures

I worried a bit that I'd already eaten all my food (though I had plenty of water) and I slowed my pace considerably because I noticed my feet were occasionally starting to slip or turn. So that left me a little nervous about finding my way if I were still out there as daylight faded, since I wasn't sure from my map how many miles I was really adding to my journey.  

A Crucial Shortcut

There are two ways to get from the yellow-blazed Wilkinson Memorial trail to the white-blazed Fishkill Ridge trail, which I counted on taking down to Pocket Road in Beacon.

In the northward/eastward direction, you first encounter a little blue-blazed trail (0.3 miles, with the unimaginative trail name of "Blue"), which provides a shortcut to Fishkill Ridge via Dozer Junction.  Just a little further on, however, you will reach a direct intersection of the Wilkinson and Fishkill trails.

  

Two ways to get from yellow to white

How important is this shortcut?  Well, it looks like it spares you 2 or 3 miles and the summits (such as they are) of Bald Hill and Lambs Hill!

What happens if you miss the crucial shortcut

I would like to walk the entire Fishkill Ridge trail someday, but today was not that day.  I resolved that if I somehow missed the turnoff for the Blue trail to Dozer Junction and came to the direct intersection of Wilkinson Memorial and Fishkill Ridge, I'd retrace my steps and do whatever it took to find that crucial shortcut! 

Fortunately, it was well-marked and I did not have go back!  At certain points, there were some nice delicate white flowers against the ferns, reminiscent of an English garden; elsewhere, a few purplish maple leaves fallen among the grasses reminded me of a William Morris design.  From time to time, there were fungi of interesting colors.

fungi with a delicate blue-gray color, bordering on the palest purple

a little hard to capture the effect,
but it reminded me of an English garden

a

 a few fallen maple leaves among the grasses;
almost an accidental echo of William Morris

Patriotic litterbugs: a contradiction in terms? Discuss.

I liked the mossy crannies (left) and pale pink-peach fungus (center-right) on this stump

Dozer Junction at last!

I continued on, with the positive reinforcement of passing the turn-off for the Overlook Trail only to encounter a nice little overlook from Fishkill Ridge.

A glimpse of the Hudson from Fishkill Ridge,
a little west of the Overlook trail

I was also encouraged by the fact that I was now encountering quite a few hikers who were apparently starting their hiking day with a climb up to Fishkill Ridge.  Clearly they didn't think darkness was about to fall and cut them off from finding their way back!  There was one very large group of perhaps college-aged kids climbing up; I stepped aside and let them all pass.  Some of them thanked me for it, in courtesy, but of course I was more than happy to rest a bit by now.  

An Unexpected Journey

So I continued my descent along the Fishkill Ridge trail until I got to a rough gravel road.  I knew the trail should cross the road, but it wasn't immediately obvious where the trail was.  (I dimly remembered having encountered this issue when I'd been here before.)  On my map, it looked like I could descend to the town by turning right on the gravel road.  It seemed to me that that might be a good idea anyway; I was getting tired, and had to be deliberately mindful of my footing to avoid injuring myself with a turned ankle.  I didn't relish all the stream crossings and slippery rocks I'd encounter on the official trail from this point on.  

I turned right on the gravel road and half-heartedly looked for a continuation of the Fishkill Ridge trail (though I was increasingly sure you have to turn left on the road to find it).  

As I steadily and carefully descended the gravel road, I kept mulling over possible justifications, excuses, and attitudes if challenged by some park ranger.  (Should I focus on my fatigue and justify it as responsible decision-making for my personal safety?  On the fact there were no signs saying not to walk on the road?  Am I too old to pull off the look of innocent, wide-eyed surprise?)

 

Soon enough, my fear materialized; I heard an internal combustion engine coming up the hill toward me.  I got off the road and stood as motionless as possible in hopes that I wouldn't be spotted.  It didn't work, but it also became clear that the car crawling up the road was driven by a civilian!  The guy was mindlessly following his GPS, trying to somehow get down to the town (although he was obviously ascending).   He had questions.  Did the deeply rutted gravel road get any better?  I couldn't speak for the entire road, but I had seen nothing but gravel.  Is it a dead end, or does it come out the other side?  I had no idea; I'd joined from the hiking trail.  Did it get any broader, so he could turn around? Not really, from what I'd seen, but there was a point where the road split a little so vehicles could pass; perhaps he could turn there.  I wished him luck.  

He did manage to turn around, and as he passed me the other direction, he asked me to wish him (more) luck.  So I did.  

But all along, I'd been quietly skeptical that this was a road on which civilian drivers were welcomed.  And sure enough, as I reached the end, I turned around and saw a red sign saying "NO MOTORIZED VEHICLES BEYOND THIS POINT." 

This "NO MOTORIZED VEHICLES" sign is
easily missed by a civilian driver enslaved to his GPS.

The gravel road ended in an intersection with the hairpin turn of a paved road which was most emphatically not as shown on my map.  But it seemed to me perfectly clear that turning left to follow the paved road down was my best bet for descending to the town of Beacon proper.  And so it was.

Once I reached the regular residential streets, it was just about a 20-minute walk to downtown Beacon.

Sculpture of two birds on a tree, in front of an arched gate.

All in all, it took me less than 7 hours to get from the Cold Spring depot to the chocolate shop.   

On my way to the train, I ate some cookies and cream ice cream, with gingersnaps!  It was very good. 

Birthdays!

So I headed north for a bit of birthday celebration.  Some small walks, some games of Upwords, some nice meals, and family togetherness.  Ruth furnished a cake which, as she described it, seemed to be the product of a strange alchemy.  Apparently, you pour the chocolate cake batter in to the mold, and then pour the dulce de leche flan batter on top.  But during the baking process, the chocolate cake portion rises up through the flan to the top!  Of course, when it's done, and you turn over the mold, the chocolate cake becomes the base.  It was quite nice, especially the flan part.  

in person, the sleek lines of the little boat
in the foreground were quite appealing

as the sailboat tacked and moved along, the sail color seemed to change with the angle of the light;
at first, it looked like a solid dusky silver-grey, while later the white was almost blindingly pure

 a nice bold striation, there

an attractive arrangement of daisies

The teenagers were certainly missed, but I was feeling a little unnecessary extra pang initially, when I mistakenly thought I hadn't seen them in an entire year.  (In fact, it's only been one-third of a year.)  I mean, it would be great to see them more often, but given the pandemic and the frenetic pace of their high school activities, I can content myself.  In the mean time, I'm certainly glad I seized on pretty much every excuse to go see them in the early days, when they were more readily portable!  I'm so proud of them, and so curious to see the paths they will choose.

Today's Walk

I caught the train up to Cold Spring today two hours later than I'd intended, but at least an hour earlier than last weekend.  The subway was far less crowded (thank goodness!) and there didn't seem to be huge crowds of hikers exiting the train with me, so I went ahead with the classic 5.5 mile loop, taking Washburn up and over Bull Hill, then returning on Notch, Brook, and Cornish.

It was perfect weather.  Saw a paper wasp nest, the usual variety of fungi (including one that looked a little like a cross section of a tree branch) a low-flying turkey vulture overhead at the summit, two caterpillars (one on the trail and one on a Pepsi machine at the station), a very pale spider (also at the station). 

Had to push myself a bit, and stopped for several water breaks to catch my breath on the way up, but it felt really good.  (This is all very unlike last weekend, when I'd gone up the gentler Nelsonville trail to avoid the crowds – doing Washburn as a descent – and remained in the grip of lethargy and a sense of pointlessness all the way.)

Supported the local economy by buying some gelato afterward (flavor: cookies and cream).

paper wasp nest to the left of the trail on the ascent

ungathered mushrooms

¡si, oruga!

shy little spider on railing

 

Recent Walks

On July 31st, I walked the usual 5.4 mile loop: Washburn (white) up and over Bull Hill, to Notch (blue) to Brook (red) and Cornish (blue again - apparently they have a limited palette).  Conditions were pretty much ideal.  I saw two instances of a really cool black mushroom of some kind; it looked like embossed leather.

nifty black fungus

they've gotten SERIOUS about people not missing this little detour on the Notch trail

on the subway platform

I was toying with doing another solo walk on Wednesday, the predicted most clement day of my week off, but instead decided to (gasp) be social.  This meant going for a celebratory hot chocolate with friends Wednesday and then walking with a friend on Friday (I hadn't seen her in person since October).

Friday was ... not as clement.  I was feeling a little guilty for choosing an early start time, but it turns out we should have set out even earlier.  Like 2 or 3 hours earlier.  The air was heavy the entire day and we went quite slowly.  We chose to avoid the initial steep ascent of Washburn and ultimately followed a 7.5 mile lollipop route: Cornish (blue) to Brook (red) to Undercliff (yellow) to Washburn (white) up and over Bull Hill, then the traditional descent down through Notch (blue) to Brook (red) to Cornish (blue).  When you add in the 1.6 miles round trip walk to the train station, that's not bad at all!  

We met a fair number of people on the way up – they were all going the other way of course, like the man with seven wives, each carrying seven sacks with seven cats – but once we got to Washburn, we were completely alone.  

we saw several turkey vultures, but I never had my camera ready when they were close!

a bit of haze on the horizon

Then, by the time we started the descent from Bull Hill, we started to encounter some mosquitos.  Increasingly clouds or swarms of them.  We stopped several times to re-apply DEET and citronella, but nevertheless they persisted.  It was unpleasant, although I don't think either of us got bitten.  It was unprecedented in all my years walking the Hudson Highlands trails.

I was quite tired by the end of our walk.  My friend wanted to get some ice water, while I didn't want to miss catching the next train, which was supposed to arrive in 1 to 6 minutes.  So I directly went to the platform and boarded when the train arrived. I was hitting 'send' on some apologetic texts to my friend when, lo and behold, there she was! She'd made it! In between naps on the way home, I checked the weather and saw that the air quality was rated Very Poor, with a recommendation to avoid strenuous exercise.  Oops.

A Divine or Providential Madness?

So, the companions are waiting for Frodo to decide what to do.  Gimli, Legolas, Merry and Pippin all think it best to go to Minas Tirith.  Merry says "It would be mad and cruel to let Frodo go to Mordor. Why can't we stop him?" and Pippin concurs "We must stop him."  (FotR 403)   If they cannot dissuade him, they all mean to join him, but Sam recognizes that's not an option for Frodo.  He must and will choose to stick with the quest and head off to Mordor, preferably alone.  Aragorn concurs (id.): 

Now, Frodo is surely no match for two Men, especially if backed by a Dwarf and an Elf.  And yet in response to Pippin's renewed suggestion of forcible constraint, Aragorn seems almost to suggest that "other powers [...] far stronger" would thwart them from imposing their will on a single Hobbit, if he decides to press on eastward. 

This is a little astonishing; we have heard much about the power of the Ring, but here it seems there are "other powers" that would support Frodo's decision, should he manage to screw up his courage to do what he must.  This seems to me to follow the same hint we see in Beowulf: "Wyrd oft nereð / unfægne eorl þonne his ellen deah" (572-3).  If Frodo turns aside now, fate/providence won't save him... but if he is courageous enough to continue his quest, fate may save him if he's not doomed to fail.

When Boromir returns, they realize Frodo is not merely taking a long time to decide; he has quite literally disappeared (after putting on the Ring to escape Boromir).  Sam panics, and Aragorn attempts to impose order:

'Wait a moment!' cried Aragorn.  'We must divide up into pairs, and arrange – here, hold on! Wait!' 

It was no good. They took no notice of him.  Sam had dashed off first. Merry and Pippin had followed, and were already disappearing westward [...].  Legolas and Gimli were running.  A sudden panic or madness seemed to have fallen on the Company.  (FotR 404, emphasis added)

That last sentence suggests to me a divine madness, one that descends perhaps from the "other powers" to which Aragorn so recently alluded.  It is especially the words "seemed to have fallen on" that convey this impression, in conjunction with its suddenness.  This is no slow-boiling kettle, with people gradually working themselves up to a frenzy; the sense is of something external which has "fallen on" them.

As a result of this "panic or madness," the company is scattered, almost like the children of men in the land of Shinar when God confounds their language, that they may not understand one another's speech (Genesis 11:7 [tower of Babel]).  

But this madness and scattering providentially assists Frodo's decision to continue the quest.  Sam attempts to follow Aragorn, but can't keep up.  Stopping to catch his breath, he finally realizes what Frodo must have done and takes off after him just in time.  So Frodo gets the companion he needs, and the two are able to slip off undetected amidst the chaos until it is too late for their friends to stop them or join them. 

We can't say for sure that this is a divine or providential madness at work to support Frodo's new-found resolution... but I don't think we can rule it out.  

* * *

Coda: We later get Pippin's recollection of this "sudden panic or madness," as he starts to piece together where he is and what's happened.

Of course: he and Merry had run off into the woods. What had come over them? Why had they dashed off like that, taking no notice of old Strider? They had run a long way shouting – he could not remember how far or how long; and then suddenly they had crashed right into a group of Orcs: they were standing listening, and they did not appear to see Merry and Pippin until they were almost in their arms.

Again, he has the sense that something "had come over them."

Boromir Names His Reward

Boromir held out long against this choice; but when it became plain that Frodo would follow Aragorn, wherever he went, he gave in. 'It is not the way of the Men of Minas Tirith to desert their friends at need,' he said, 'and you will need my strength, if ever you are to reach the Tindrock. To the tall isle I will go, but no further. There I shall turn to my home, alone if my help has not earned the reward of any companionship.'

Boromir's comments here show a curious sense of something akin to entitlement.  He starts out promisingly; since he can't convince Aragorn/Frodo to come with him, he is willing to accompany them for a bit because it is "not the way" of his people to "desert their friends at need."  

But he immediately develops the theme of "at need" by suggesting that the other eight cannot make it – even so far as the Tindrock – without him and his strength.  (He is perhaps conveniently forgetting that it was Legolas who most recently dismayed the enemy by shooting a fell beast from the sky.)

This then takes yet a darker turn in his final sentence, that he will turn to his home at the tall isle "alone if my help has not earned the reward of any companionship."  This is where the clear sense of entitlement comes in; his "help" (which he deems necessary to the others) should, in his view earn a reward.  So he has, rhetorically, come quite a distance from it simply being "the way" of his people to stick by their friends when needed; he now thinks he deserves a reward for it.

The reward he names is "companionship"; the only proper way to show appreciation or gratitude for his help is to accompany him.  Significantly, he does not, even now, suggest that any of the others have any help to offer him or Minas Tirith (although the Ring can never be far from his mind and if Frodo accompanies him, so does the Ring).  Clearly, he believes he has the strength to reach Minas Tirith alone, but is setting up anyone who chooses to follow the original quest as a poor friend, ungrateful for all he has done for them, or worse.

It's darker still when you realize this whole little speech is meant almost entirely for Frodo's ears.  It is clearly the four hobbits who have most needed the help of others to get as far as they have.  But would Boromir be satisfied if Merry, Pippin and Sam rewarded him with their companionship to Minas Tirith, while Frodo went on with Aragorn, Gimli, and Legolas?  I don't think so.  Even if everyone but Frodo joined him, I think it would not be sufficient.  The reward he wants is Frodo coming with him to Minas Tirith, thus bringing the Ring under the dominion of Denethor.  

Hnau Hunting Hnau in Middle-earth

I've always been troubled by Ghân-buri-Ghân's request to Théoden: 'if you live after the Darkness, then leave Wild Men alone in the woods and do not hunt them like beasts any more.'  LotR 833.

That is, we have rational beings (the Rohirrim) hunting other rational beings (the Wild Men) 'like beasts.'  One presumes this is done either as "pest control" (as with wolves or orcs) and/or for sport, rather than for food, but it still raises an equally disturbing question: What they do with the Wild Men once they've killed them?  One doesn't bury beasts after a hunt.  Do the Rohirrim display the heads as trophies or warnings, as Beorn does with the goblin and Warg ('A goblin's head was stuck outside the gate and a warg-skin was nailed to a tree just beyond.'  Hobbit 123)?

If nothing else, Ghân-buri-Ghân's comment re-contextualizes Aragorn's much earlier jest on discovering Frodo's mithril coat: 'Here's a pretty hobbit-skin to wrap an elven-princeling in!  If it were known that hobbits had such hides, all the hunters of Middle-earth would be riding to the Shire.'  LotR 336.

This is a much creepier comment than it seemed at first, given that hnau do hunt other hnau in Middle-earth.

Tolkien, J. R. R. The Hobbit.  HarperCollins Publishers, 2007.

--. The Lord of the Rings. 50th Anniversary One-Volume Edition, HarperCollinsPublishers, 2005.

The Case of the Fallen Warrior: The Faerie Queene III.iv & The Lord of the Rings V.vi

I won't claim that Tolkien was 'influenced' or 'inspired' by book III of The Faerie Queene (although Shippey has apparently done so - see Cilli 271), but I was struck by some 'set pieces' in FQ III.iv that remind me of certain aspects of Tolkien's legendarium.  I'm calling them 'set pieces' (rather imprecisely) because I believe these are images, scenes, and/or ideas that multiple authors have used or returned to, and are thus found in multiple sources.  Tolkien would certainly have been aware of them in Spenser, but would likely also have been aware of them in other works or traditions.

To my mind, perhaps the most striking point of similarity is between FQ III.iv and The Lord of the Rings V.vi: a fallen warrior is believed to be dead, until one with greater leechcraft arrives on the scene.  In each instance, the battle is one-on-one between a male warrior and a gender-hidden female warrior; the male warrior gets in one mighty, shattering blow before he is defeated by the female warrior's first stroke.  Moreover, in both, there is a misinterpreted prophecy about the defeat or destruction of the male warrior!  

Of course, I've deliberately described these elements in a manner that maximizes their similarities; they do not map one-to-one.  In FQ, it's the male warrior (Marinell) who is mistakenly believed to have been KIA; in LotR, it's Éowyn.  For present purposes, we'll look at three aspects of the scene. 

The Challenge and the Battle

Marinell is stationed at the entrance to a beach of 'pearles and pretious stones of great assay' as well as golden ore (III.iv.18); he challenges all comers and, until now, has always been victorious.  The warrior maiden Britomart, who is dressed as a knight and therefore always assumed to be male, arrives and does not declare her identity.  Marinell offers the chance to fight him and be defeated, or flee: 'Sir knight, that doest thy voyage rashly make / By this forbidden way in my despight, / Ne doest by others death ensample take, / I read thee soone retyre, whiles thou hast might / Least afterwards it be too late to take thy flight' (III.iv.14).  Britomart responds disdainfully to Marinell's 'proud threat' and, without waiting for a reply, runs right at him (III.iv.15). Marinell gets in one good blow, striking her 'full on the brest, that made her downe / Decline her head, & touch her crouper with her crowne' (id.).  Undaunted, she smites him with a mighty blow, defeating him, and rides on.

In Tolkien, it is the female warrior Éowyn who issues the initial challenge, commanding the Nazgûl to depart and 'Leave the dead in peace!' (LotR 841).  In essence, she is attempting to guard her beloved kinsman's body, just as Marinell was trying to guard his precious beach.  The Black Captain, like Marinell, has no idea the warrior before him is a woman. He issues a counter-challenge, as he, too, is certain he will kill this paltry opponent; he threatens her with long-lived torment (rather than death) if she comes 'between the Nazgûl and his prey!' (id.).  Éowyn, like Britomart, responds defiantly.  Unlike Britomart, however, Éowyn is on the defensive from the start.  First she must defend herself against an attack by the Nazgûl's steed, slaying it.  Only then does the Black Rider rise and 'With a cry of hatred that stung the very ears like venom he let fall his mace' (842).  This one blow shivers her shield, breaks her arm, and brings her to her knees.  He prepares to deal a death-blow with the mace; instead Merry attacks, Éowyn rises and smites her foe, and both she and the Nazgûl Lord fall.

So we can even increase our list of similar elements: a male warrior and male-passing female warrior meet; the initial challenge is issued by the one guarding something precious; it is met with defiance; there ensues a single mighty exchange of blows between those two, wherein the male strikes first; the female's stroke is even mightier and the male is defeated; and only one of the two is left alive on the battleground.

Tolkien has, however, complicated the picture with a counter-challenge by the Nazgûl bringing in supernatural horror and threats of torment, and a critical intervention by Merry (which proves necessary to undo the Nazgûl's supernatural advantage so that he can be destroyed).  Left on the battleground are Merry, Éowyn, Théoden, the bodies of Snowmane and the Nazgûl's steed, and the Nazgûl's's gear and garments.  A character we know and care about (Merry) is left to report on the scene; for all he knows intially, both Éowyn and Théoden are dead. 

Interestingly, Spenser has our heroine Britomart ride on, unconcerned with the fate of her foe. Thus, the misdiagnosis of Marinell is made by characters we've never met before: his mother Cymoent and her sister nymphs, who somehow receive word of his fall.

The Misdiagnosis

Notably, Cymoent and the other nymphs not only wail over Marinell's body (III.iv. 35-39); they also handle his body extensively without realizing their mistake: 'when they all had sorrowed their fill, / They softly gan to search his griesly wound: / And that they might him handle more at will, / They him disarm'd' (FQ III.iv.40).  Moreover, they 'softly wipt away the gelly blood / From th'orifice: which having well vpbound, / They pourd in soueraine balme, and Nectar good, / Good both for earthly medicine, and for heauenly food' (id.).  Through this entire process, they have absolutely no doubt of Marinell's death.

And then Liagore, the medically trained nymph, feels his pulse and realizes the reports of Marinell's death are greatly exaggerated:

Tho, when the lilly handed Liagore
(This Liagore whylome had learned skill
In leaches craft, by great Appolloes lore [...])
Did feele his pulse, she knew there staied still
Some little life his feeble sprites emong;
Which to his mother told, despeire she from her flong.  (FQ III.iv.41)

In Tolkien, Merry lifts Théoden's hand to kiss it, and discovers that Théoden is alive (842)  He sees Éowyn 'through a mist' of tears 'as she lay and did not move' (id.).  He is certainly convinced she is dead, but he does not touch her.  Éomer likewise diagnoses Éowyn as dead immediately on sight: 'suddenly he beheld his sister Éowyn as she lay, and he knew her' (LotR 844).  He does not linger to mourn, but impulsively, in the grip of a 'fey mood,' spurs 'back to the front of the great host' and rallies them with a cry of 'Death!' ... and they surge forward 'like a great tide' (id.).  So at this point, no one has taken the time to examine her body.  Thereafter, those left behind 'lifted Éowyn gently up and bore her after' Théoden, believing that she is dead (id.). 

Then along comes Imrahil.  Tolkien's deliberate archaism here – Imrahil referring to medics/doctors as 'leeches' – provides a linguistic echo of Spenser's passage:

'Are there no leeches among you? She is hurt, to the death maybe, but I deem that she yet lives.' And he held the bright-burnished vambrace that was upon his arm before her cold lips, and behold! a little mist was laid on it hardly to be seen. (LotR 845) 

As compared with Spenser, Tolkien has greatly heightened the tension and interest in the scene, by having a known and developed character – one of the good guys – mistaken for dead by other known and developed characters.  

The unexpected reveal that there is yet a little life in the fallen is also more dramatic or even cinematic, in Tolkien's version, because a bit of mist on polished armor is a visible sign of life, even if it is hard to see.  By contrast, the other nymphs in Spenser must take Liagore's word for it that she has felt a pulse.

Coda: The Misinterpreted Prophecy 

Marinell's mother, Cymoent, had consulted with Proteus, who 'was with prophecy inspir'd,' about her son's fate.  Proteus urged Cymoent "from womankind to keep [Marinell] well: / For of a woman he should haue much ill, / A virgin strange and stout him should dismay, or kill" (III.iv.25).  

From this, Cymoent mistakenly assumed love/sex/romance would be his undoing (III.iv.26-28), and urged him every day "The loue of women not to entertain" (III.iv.26).  As of stanza 46, which abruptly changes gear to follow Arthur and the Redcrosse knight, it seems that neither Marinell nor Cymoent and her sister nymphs have realized that Marinell's foe was a woman.  Rather, Cymoent believes Proteus has made a false prophecy: 'Not this the worke of womans hand ywis, / That so deep wound through these deare members driue' (III.iv.37).   She does not even suspect her own misinterpretation ('I feared loue: but they that loue do liue") (id.).

On the battlefield, the Nazgûl Lord boasts of his prophecy: 'No living man may hinder me!' (841).  Éowyn then reveals that she is not a 'living man' but a woman (id.).  This discomfits him; 'the Ringwraith made no answer, and was silent, as if in sudden doubt' and he is 'in doubt and malice intent upon the woman before him' (id.).  It is of course this intense focus and doubt which allows Merry to creep in close enough to make his own move.

The prophecy in LotR certainly echoes Macbeth far more closely than FQ, but I think all three may be worth considering together.

• The Nazgûl Lord trusts that no living man may hinder me; he is discomfited by learning that his challenger is a woman; and it turns out that a woman and a hobbit (with the aid of a dagger made by men who are now dead) may hinder him.
• Macbeth trusts that none of woman born shall harm Macbeth; he is discomfited by learning that Macduff was from his mother's womb untimely ripped; and it turns out that Macduff shall harm him. 
• Cymoent and Marinell believe that of a woman he should have much ill and be dismayed or killed; it turns out that a woman should dismay him in battle, but on finding her son apparently dead, Cymoent simply believes the prophecy is mistaken (she does not suspect that it has been fulfilled to the letter).

So Tolkien's version of the mistaken prophecy trope has elements found in Shakespeare and in Spenser.  Again, it is surely more dramatic to shatter the complacency of the person who trusts in the protection of a prophecy he has misinterpreted (as Tolkien and Shakespeare do), rather than revealing the existence of the prophecy to readers only after the battle (as Spenser does). 

Works Cited

Cilli, Oronzo. Tolkien's Library: An Annotated Checklist, Luna Press Publishing, 2019.

Spenser, Edmund. The Faerie Queene. Edited by Thomas P. Roche, Penguin, 1987.

Tolkien, J. R. R. The Lord of the Rings. 50th Anniversary One-Volume Edition, HarperCollinsPublishers, 2005.